{"id":8965,"date":"2024-11-15T03:48:28","date_gmt":"2024-11-14T20:48:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phukienmattroi.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/15\/the-gioi-dang-su-dung-nhung-cong-nghe-dien-hat-nhan-nao\/"},"modified":"2024-11-15T03:48:28","modified_gmt":"2024-11-14T20:48:28","slug":"the-gioi-dang-su-dung-nhung-cong-nghe-dien-hat-nhan-nao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phukienmattroi.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/15\/the-gioi-dang-su-dung-nhung-cong-nghe-dien-hat-nhan-nao\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi 415 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Tianwan \u1edf Giang T\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ea2nh: Xinhua<\/em><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

“N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ea1ch nh\u1ea5t, \u00edt t\u1ea1o g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n”, Rafael Mariano Grossi, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c IAEA, cho bi\u1ebft trong h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 54 c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n Kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Davos, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, th\u00e1ng 1\/2024.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb COP28 \u1edf Dubai, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb 22 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2050 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u202f<\/p>\n

“Sau 28 n\u0103m b\u1ecb b\u1ecf b\u00ea, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i suy ngh\u0129, t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t m\u1eebng khi th\u1ea5y th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o”, Zion Lights, c\u1ef1u ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Extinction Rebellion, cho bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n – l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb proton v\u00e0 neutron. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra theo hai c\u00e1ch: ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch (h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n), v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1ch hay nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch (h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau).<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1ch v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R&D).<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi neutron, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed uranium-235 s\u1ebd t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n barium, m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n krypton v\u00e0 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 neutron. Nh\u1eefng neutron b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0y s\u1ebd va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed uranium-235 xung quanh, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam neutron, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n trong t\u00edch t\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. Nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. B\u00ean trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n. Nhi\u1ec7t sinh ra t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o ra h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c turbine quay, k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IAEA), t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 13\/11\/2024, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 440 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 415 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i 30 qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi 94 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n 96,95 GW. Theo sau l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (56 l\u00f2, t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 61,37 GW), Trung Qu\u1ed1c (56 l\u00f2, t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 54,15 GW), Nga (36 l\u00f2, t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 26,8 GW) v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (26 l\u00f2, t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 25,82 GW).<\/p>\n

L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u1ecf \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u00f9ng kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 400 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 30 – 1660 MW, l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n nay chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p su\u1ea5t (PWR), l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i (BWR), l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t (PWHR).<\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Watts Bar \u1edf Tennessee, M\u1ef9, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p su\u1ea5t (PWR). \u1ea2nh: Energyeducation<\/em><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p su\u1ea5t (PWR)<\/strong> chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 70% s\u1ed1 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, theo Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WNA). C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 300 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 300 GW. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng PWR ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 M\u1ef9, Ph\u00e1p, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Nga, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

PWR d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft (ch\u1ea5t trong l\u00f5i gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c c\u00e1c neutron gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n). Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ch\u00ednh ch\u1ea1y qua l\u00f5i l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch ph\u1ee5 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ra gi\u00fap l\u00e0m quay turbine. N\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng s\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao. N\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ea1ch ph\u1ee5 ch\u1ecbu \u00edt \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n n\u00ean s\u00f4i, l\u00e0m quay turbine \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PWR ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft thay v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh do c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng. PWR c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u00f5i ch\u1ee9a \u00edt v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n, gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y PWR kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. \u0110a s\u1ed1 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sau kho\u1ea3ng 18 th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi axit boric h\u00f2a tan c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0103n m\u00f2n (c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1) ch\u1ea3y qua m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i (BWR)<\/strong> l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, chi\u1ebfm 15% v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 60 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 60 GW. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi PWR, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch duy nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00f4i. H\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o turbine. BWR ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf M\u1ef9, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Do ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a BWR \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi PWR v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u00ecnh nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng axit boric, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n trong b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, BWR c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. L\u00f5i l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ra c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 nh\u1eb9 n\u00ean c\u1ea7n che ch\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 turbine c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 50 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm 11% to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t (PWHR)<\/strong> l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 25 GW. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Canada, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a PHWR l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ngay trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng, PWHR c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng uranium t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng uranium l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u nh\u01b0 PWR v\u00e0 BWR. Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 chi ph\u00ed nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3m, l\u00f2 PHWR l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1n th\u00eam chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a uranium t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi uranium l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thay th\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111i qua l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u0103ng c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u00f9ng uranium l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Beloyarsk t\u1ea1i Nga c\u00f3 hai l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng natri. \u1ea2nh: Rosatom<\/em><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0110a s\u1ed1 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n nay d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t l\u00f5i, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u00f9ng kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng, mu\u1ed1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng (LMFR) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 natri, ch\u00ec… \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t l\u00f5i. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 uranium \u1edf d\u1ea1ng kim lo\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec d\u1ea1ng g\u1ed1m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh hi\u1ebfm hoi \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 BN-600 v\u00e0 BN-800, l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng natri. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Beloyarsk, Nga.<\/p>\n

Thu Th\u1ea3o <\/strong>(T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/em>)<\/p>\n


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\u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi 415 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8966,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"\nTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o? - Ph\u1ee5 Ki\u1ec7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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