{"id":7628,"date":"2024-09-11T06:17:19","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T23:17:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phukienmattroi.com\/index.php\/2024\/09\/11\/6-vat-lieu-co-the-thay-doi-the-gioi\/"},"modified":"2024-09-11T06:17:19","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T23:17:19","slug":"6-vat-lieu-co-the-thay-doi-the-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phukienmattroi.com\/index.php\/2024\/09\/11\/6-vat-lieu-co-the-thay-doi-the-gioi\/","title":{"rendered":"6 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea3i hay v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

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\nV\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

\nGraphene l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp carbon h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c (ki\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 ong), v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon l\u00e0 0,142 nm. M\u00e0ng graphene c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\nGi\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a graphene, stanene \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec carbon, stanene \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb thi\u1ebfc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 gi\u00fap v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t 100%.<\/span><\/p>\n

\nV\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Shoucheng Zhang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u stanene l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013. Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, stanene l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00f4 p\u00f4, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f2n b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n (gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t que kem ph\u1ee7 chocolate, trong \u0111\u00f3 chocolate l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, kem l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n). Do \u0111\u00f3, stanene c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

\nT\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a stanene ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Zhang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00f4 p\u00f4 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\n\"5-7730-1423802228.jpg\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a stanene. \u1ea2nh: SLAC<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\nV\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nN\u0103m 2014, ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Scott White, chuy\u00ean gia \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Illinois, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i polymer m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 r\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng m\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Lo\u1ea1i polymer n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng m\u00e0 khi v\u1ee1 ra s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e1u.<\/p>\n

\nC\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m k\u00edn v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, trong khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng r\u1ed9ng 4 mm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t xung quanh n\u00f3. Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\nV\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

\nNhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean gia, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea3i ra b\u1eb1ng hai ph\u1ea7n ba l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea3i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\nC\u00f4ng ty Alphabet Energy \u1edf California, M\u1ef9, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1eafm th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng h\u1eefu \u00edch. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ebb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tetrahedrite, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t 5-10%.<\/p>\n

\nTrong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 skutterudite. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

\nV\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\nPin M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb<\/p>\n

\nN\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed r\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb silicon \u0111\u01a1n tinh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt Perovskit c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

\nPerovskit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. N\u0103m 2009, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o quang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb perovskite c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 3.8% v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 19,3% trong n\u0103m 2014. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a cao so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng silicon, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed r\u1ebb h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\nV\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0ng si\u00eau nh\u1eb9<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\n\"4-8295-1423802228.jpg\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\nM\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u aerogel. \u1ea2nh: NASA<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\nD\u00f9 r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, Aerogel c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e8n h\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00f4t\u00f4. Lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng hay kh\u00f3i xanh.<\/p>\n

\n\u0110i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Aerogel l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi l\u00e0m t\u1eeb silic. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng M\u1ef9 (NASA) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m t\u1eeb polymer, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Tr\u1ed9n th\u00eam h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o aerogel c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\nSi\u00eau v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

\nMetamaterial (si\u00eau v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c si\u00eau v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nano t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f3ng radio, vi s\u00f3ng hay b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 terahertz (T-ray). Nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y qu\u00e9t T-ray c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 an ninh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ch\u00fang trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

\nAnh Ho\u00e0ng<\/strong> (Theo Gizmodo<\/em>)<\/p>\n


\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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